Dr. Showkat Rasool Mir
Assistant ProfessorHamdard University, India
Highest Degree
Ph.D. in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry from Hamdard University, India
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Biography
Dr. Showkat Rasool Mir is currently working as Assistant Professor and Coordinator at Phytopharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University. He has completed his Ph.D. in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry from same University. Dr. Showkat received honors includes DBT-Rapid Grant for Young Investigators as co-investigator, Best presentation award 4th National seminar on Biotechnology & Pharma Industry, Awarded Certificate of Appreciation to acknowledge the contribution to scientific programme by DIA, and Awarded International Travel Grant by DST. His main area of research interest focuses on study of Phytomedicines and their role in Healthcare, Pharmacological Screening and Bioavailability Enhancement aspect of Natural Products, Isolation and quantification of secondary Metabolites of some important Medicinal Plants with special emphasis on Bioactive Constituents, using various Chromatographic (TLC, HPLC, HPTLC) techniques, and Identification and characterization of Natural products by modern analytical tools like IR, UV, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy. He has supervised 2 Ph.D. and 11 M.Pharm. scholars and currently supervising 5 Ph.D. and 3 M.Pharm. scholars. He is member of Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), Delhi, Indian Society of Analytical Scientists (ISAS), Delhi, and Hamdard University Teachers Association, Delhi. He has published 47 research articles in national and international journals, 2 books, 2 book chapters, 1 patent and 9 international conference proceedings, and 24 conference abstracts contributed as author/co-author.
Area of Interest:
Selected Publications
- Kaushik, U., V. Aeri, R.M. Showkat and M. Ali, 2017. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the blood glucose-lowering extracts of Coccinia indica and Momordica balsamina fruits. Pharm. Mag., 13: S115-S121.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., N. Hassan, S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2017. Swertiamarin contributes to glucose homeostasis via inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. J. Nat. Remedies, 16: 125-130.
- Mir, S.R. and M. Ali, 2016. Taraxerane-type triterpenoids from Portulaca oleracea Linn. seeds. Indian J. Chem. B, 55: 119-122.
- Ali, M., S. Sultana and S.R. Mir, 2016. Chemical constituents from the roots of Calotropis procera (AIT). Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 3: 399-404.
- Alam, P., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and K.J. Naquvi, 2016. Aliphatic and steroidal constituents from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella L. Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 3: 322-327.
Direct Link | - Akhter, H., S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2016. Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for in-vitro analysis of 5-flurouracil. Int. J. Pharm. Chem. Anal., 3: 18-24.
CrossRef | - Ahmad, J., N. Ahmad, K. Kohli, S.R. Mir and S. Amin, 2016. Pharmacokinetic analysis of taxane through a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-synapt mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS ESI-Q-TOF) method. Curr. Bioactive Comp., 12: 93-102.
Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., S. Amin, J. Ahmad and S.R. Mir, 2016. Response surface methodology for optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of Swertiamarin from Enicostema littorale blume. Curr. Bioactive Comp., 12: 87-92.
Direct Link | - Sheliya, M.A., B. Rayhana, A. Ali, K.K. Pillai, V. Aeri, M. Sharma and S.R. Mir, 2015. Inhibition of α-glucosidase by new prenylated flavonoids from Euphorbia hirta L. herb. J. Ethnopharmacol., 176: 1-8.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Puri, A., S.R. Mir and B.P. Panda, 2015. Effect of sequential bio-processing conditions on the content and composition of vitamin K2 and isoflavones in fermented soy food. J. Food Sci. Technol., 52: 8228-8235.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Lubna, A., A. Ahmad, S.R. Mir, M. Mujeeb and S.A. Khan, 2015. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Vitex negundo L.: An updated review. J. Coastal Life Med., 3: 826-833.
- Kumara, P., V. Juyalb and S.R. Mirc, 2015. Isolation of a sterol from root of Mucuna pruriens. MIT Int. J. Pharm. Sci., 1: 60-63.
Direct Link | - Kaushik, U., V. Aeri and S.R. Mir, 2015. Cucurbitacins-An insight into medicinal leads from nature. Pharm. Rev., 9: 12-18.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Jamal, M., S.S. Imam, M. Aqil, M. Amir, S.R. Mir and M. Mujeeb, 2015. Transdermal potential and anti-arthritic efficacy of ursolic acid from niosomal gel systems. Int. Immunopharmacol., 29: 361-369.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Hassan, N., J. Ahamad, S. Amin, M. Mujeeb and S.R. Mir, 2015. Rapid preparative isolation of erythrocentaurin from Enicostemma littorale by mediumâ€pressure liquid chromatography, its estimation by highâ€pressure thinâ€layer chromatography and its αâ€amylase inhibitory activity. J. Separation Sci., 38: 592-598.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ali, B., Q.M.S. Jamal, S.R. Mir, S. Shams, N.A. Al-Wabel and M.A. Kamal, 2015. In silico analysis for predicting fatty acids of black cumin oil as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Pharm. Mag., 11: 606-610.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2015. Simultaneous quantification of gymnemic acid as gymnemagenin and charantin as β-Sitosterol using validated HPTLC densitometric method. J. Chromatographic Sci., 53: 1203-1209.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., N. Hassan, S. Amin and S. Mir, 2015. Development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric method for the quantification of swertiamarin in traditional bitters and formulations. JPC-J. Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC, 28: 61-66.
CrossRef | - Najib, S., J. Ahmed, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2014. Isolation and characterization of fatty acid esters from the seeds of Cichorium intybus. Am. J. Phytomed. Clin. Therapeut., 2: 469-473.
Direct Link | - Minhaj, M.A., M. Waris, M. Ali, S.R. Mir, M. Kumar and R. Khan, 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Withania coagulans Dunal. Indian J. Applied Res., 4: 530-533.
- Kumar, P., S.R. Mir and A. Semalty, 2014. Isolation and characterization of novel flavonoid from methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata pods. Res. J. Phytochem., 8: 21-24.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, M., S.R. Mir, A. Ali, M. Yusuf and M. Ali, 2014. Aliphatic and eudesmalolide esters extracted from the roots of Inula racemosa Hook. Pharm. Mag., 10: 40-46.
CrossRef | - Khan, M., M. Ali, A. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2014. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Arabic and Indian origin Salvadora persica root extract on diabetic rats with histopathology of their pancreas. Int. J. Health Sci., 8: 45-56.
Direct Link | - Kaushik, U., S.R. Mir and V. Aeri, 2014. Preventive effects of Trichosanthes dioica in STZ-Nicotinamide induced type (II) diabetes. Am. J. Pharm. Tech Res., 4: 1-8.
- Ali, B., S.R. Mir, M. Ali and S. Ali, 2014. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of methanolic extract of Piper longum Linn. Fruits. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Med. Bioallied Sci., 2: 11-15.
- Ahmad, J., S.R. Mir, K. Kohli, K. Chuttani, A.K. Mishra, A.K. Panda and S. Amin, 2014. Solid-nanoemulsion preconcentrate for oral delivery of paclitaxel: Formulation design, biodistribution and γ scintigraphy imaging. BioMed Res. Int., Vol. 2014. 10.1155/2014/984756.
CrossRef | - Ahmad, J., S.R. Mir, K. Kohli and S. Amin, 2014. Quality by design approach for self nanoemulsifying system of paclitaxel. Sci. Adv. Mater., 6: 1778-1791.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahmad, J., S.R. Mir, K. Kohli and S. Amin, 2014. Effect of oil and co-surfactant on the formation of Solutol HS 15 based colloidal drug carrier by Box-Behnken statistical design. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 453: 68-77.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2014. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre leaves using response surface methodology. Analytical Chem. Lett., 4: 104-112.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2014. Development and validation of HPTLC densitometric method for estimation of charantin in Momordica charantia fruits and herbal formulation. J. Pharm. Phytochem., 2: 172-176.
Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., S. Amin and S.R. Mir, 2014. Development and validation of HPLC-UV method for estimation of swertiamarin in Enicostemma littorale. J. Pharm. Biosci., 2: 9-16.
Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., K.J. Naquvi, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2014. New isoquinoline alkaloids from the stem bark of Berberis aristata. Indian J. Chem. Sect. B: Organic Chem. Including Med. Chem., 53: 1237-1241.
- Ahamad, J., K.J. Naquvi, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2014. Isoflavone glycosides from aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium. Chem. Nat. Comp., 49: 996-1000.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Abidin, L., M. Mujeeb, S.R. Mir, S.A. Khan and A. Ahmad, 2014. Comparative assessment of extraction methods and quantitative estimation of luteolin in the leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. by HPLC. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Med., 7: S289-S293.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Malik, A.A., S.R. Mir and J. Ahmad, 2013. Ruta graveolens L. essential oil composition under different nutritional treatments. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 17: 885-890.
- Malik, A.A., S.R. Mir and J. Ahmad, 2013. Ruta graveolens L. essential oil composition under different nutritional treatments. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 13: 1390-1395.
- Malik, A.A., S. Suryapani, J. Ahmad, S. Umar, M.Z. Abdin and S.R. Mir, 2013. An Attempt to enhance select secondary metabolite of Artemisia annua L. J. Biol. Sci., 13: 499-506.
- Ahmad, J., S. Amin, K. Kohli and S.R. Mir, 2013. Construction of pseudoternary phase diagram and its evaluation: Development of self-dispersible oral formulation. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res., 5: 84-90.
Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., K.J. Naquvi, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2013. New glycoside esters from the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium Linn. Nat. Prod. J., 3: 260-267.
- Malik, A.A., J. Ahmad, S. Suryapani, M.Z. Abdin, S.R. Mir and M. Ali, 2012. Volatiles of Artemisia annua L. as influenced by soil application of organic residues. Res. J. Med. Plant, 6: 433-440.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Amin, S., S.R. Mir, K. Kohli and A. Ali, 2012. Novel polymeric matrix films for transdermal delivery of metoclopramide. Int. J. Front. Pharmaceuit. Res., 2: 48-60.
- Ali, B., S. Amin, J. Ahmad, A. Ali, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2012. Bioavailability enhancement studies of amoxicillin with Nigella. Indian J. Med. Res., 135: 555-559.
Direct Link | - Ali, B., M. Majeeb, V. Aeri, S.R. Mir, M. Faiyazuddin and F. Shakeel, 2012. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Ficus Carica Linn. Leaves. Nat. Prod. Res., 26: 460-465.
CrossRef | - Ahmad, M.Z., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2012. New phytoconstituents from the roots of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 3: 184-187.
- Ahmad, M.Z., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2012. New flavanol diesters from the stem bark of Ficus carica L. Res. J. Pharm., 3: 140-143.
- Ahmad, M.Z., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2012. New Sesqui- and diterpenic coumarin ethers from the roots of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Nat. Prod. J., 2: 252-258.
Direct Link | - Ahmad, M.Z., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2012. Anti-diabetic activity of Ocimum sanctum L. roots and isolation of new phytoconstituents using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Pharmacog. Phytotherap., 4: 75-85.
Direct Link | - Ahmad, J., K.J. Naquvi and S.R. Mir, 2012. Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Berberis aristata stem bark in STZ-induced rats. Int. J. Pharmacy Pharm. Sci., 4: 473-474.
- Ahmad, J., K.J. Naquvi and S.R. Mir, 2012. Development of quality standards of Berberis aristata stem bark. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 3: 184-187.
- Ahmad, J., K. Kohli, S.R. Mir and S. Amin, 2012. Self-emulsifying nano carriers for improved oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. Rev. Adv. Sci. Eng., 1: 134-147.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Masoodi, M.H., B. Ahmad, S.R. Mir, B.A. Zargar and N. Tabasum, 2011. Portulaca oleracea L. A review. J. Pharm. Res., 4: 3044-3048.
- Ali, B., M. Mujeeb, V. Aeri, S.R. Mir and S. Ahmad et al., 2011. High-performance thin layer chromatographic quantification of bioactive psoralen and daidzein in leaves of Ficus carica L. Nat. Prod. Res., 25: 1666-1670.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Akhtar, P., M. Ali, M.P. Sharma, H. Farooqi, S.R. Mir, M. Yusuf and H.M. Khan, 2011. Development of quality standards of Holarrehena antidysenterica (Linn.) bark. Rec. Res. Sci. Technol., 3: 73-80.
Direct Link | - Ahmad, J., K. Kohli, S.R. Mir and S. Amin, 2011. Formulation of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for telmisartan with improved dissolution and oral bioavailability. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 32: 958-968.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahamad, J., K.J. Naquvi, S.R. Mir, M. Ali and M. Shuaib, 2011. Review on role of natural α-glucosidase inhibitors for management of diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Biomed. Res., 2: 374-380.
Direct Link | - Nazish, I., M. Ali, S.R. Mir, N. Parvez, S. Yadav, N. Hwisa, M.S. Al-Sharif and K. Molvi, 2010. Application of microscopy in authentication of Unani traditional plant Ruta graveolens. Pharm. Sci. Monitor, 1: 122-127.
- Kumar, P., A. Semalty, S.R. Mir, M. Ali and S. Amin, 2010. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) pierre in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharmacol., 6: 738-743.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Farooqi, H., H.N. Khan, R. Gupta, A. Habib, P. Akhtar, S.R. Mir and K.J. Naquvi, 2010. New trends of diabetes type II therapy. Int. J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2: 80-89.
- Amin, S., S.R. Mir, K. Kohli, B. Ali, M. Ali, 2010. A study of chemical composition of black cumin oil and its effect on penetration enhancement from transdermal formulations. Nat. Prod. Res., 24: 1151-1157.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ali, M., K.J. Nquvi, J. Ahamad and S.R. Mir, 2010. Three new esters from the stem bark of Ficus bengalensis L. J. Pharm. Res., 3: 352-355.
- Akhtar, P., M. Ali, M.P. Sharma, H. Farooqi, S.R. Mir, M. Yusuf and H.M. Khan, 2010. Development of quality standards of Alpinia galangal (Linn.) Willd. Rhizome. Curr. Bot., 1: 4-9.
- Nazish, I., R.A. Kaskoos, S.R. Mir, S. Amin and M. Ali, 2009. Preliminary pharmacognostical standardisation of Ruta graveolens L. aerial parts. Res. J. Med. Plant, 3: 41-44.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Malik, A.A., J. Ahmad, S.R. Mir, M. Ali and M.Z. Abdin, 2009. Influence of chemical and biological treatments on volatile oil composition of Artemisia annua Linn. Ind. Crops Prod., 30: 380-383.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Kaskoos, R.A., S. Amin, M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2009. Chemical composition of fixed oil of Olea europaea drupes from Iraq. Res. J. Med. Plant, 3: 146-150.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Akhtar, M.S., R.A. Kaskoos, S.R. Mir and M. Ali, 2009. New chromone derivative from Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Aerial parts. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 13: 191-194.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Sahu, P.K., D.K. Tripathi, S.R. Mir, O. Singh and M. Ali, 2008. A new triterpenoid from leaves of Zizyphus jujuba. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 24: 2-28.
- Kaskoos, R.A., S.R. Mir, R. Kapoor and M. Ali, 2008. Essential oil composition of the fruits of Amomum subulatum. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plant, 11: 184-187.
- Amin, S., S. R. Mir, K. Kohli and R.K. Khar, 2008. Mechanism of in-vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of carvedilol by penetration enhancers. Pharm. Dev. Tech., 13: 533-539.
Direct Link | - Ramachandram, R., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2007. Andromedane type derivatives from roots of Arnebia nobilis. Orient. J. Chem., 23: 533-540.
- Mukhtar, H.M., S.H. Ansari, M. Ali, S.R. Mir, M.Z. Abidin and P. Singh. 2007. GC-MS analysis of aerial parts of Artemisia annua Linn. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants, 10: 168-171.
- Kaskoos, R.A., M. Ali, R. Kapoor, Madhurima, M.S. Akhtar and S.R. Mir, 2006. Essential oil composition of the fruits of Eletteria cardamomum J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plant, 9: 81-84.
- Ansari, S.H., H.M. Mukhtar, S.R. Mir, M.Z. Abidin and P. Singh, 2006. Analysis of Indian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel.) essential oil a vital aromatherapy oil. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants, 9: 70-74.
- Aktar, M.S., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and O. Singh, 2006. Anthraquinones from Rubia cordifolia. Ind. J. Chem., 45: 1945-1947.
- Akhtar, M.S., M. Ali, A. Madhurima and S.R. Mir, 2006. Chemical composition of essential oil of Lanata indica. J. Essent. Oil Res., 18: 611-612.
- Ahmad, S., S.R. Mir and O. Singh, 2006. Analytical applications of optimum performance laminar chromatography. J. Sci. Pharm., 7: 74-76.
- Singh, V., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and N.A. Siddiqui, 2005. Antimicrobial activities of Diospyros montana leaves. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 21: 30-32.
- Mukhtar, H.M., S.H. Ansari, M. Ali, S.R. Mir, T. Naved and M.Z. Abidin, 2005. Volatile constituents of the leaves of Psidium guajava. J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., 27: 1-6.
- Mir, S.R., M. Ali, R. Kapoor and M.R.M. Rafiullah, 2005. Phytochemical investigation of stem bark of Balanites aegyptiaca. J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., 27: 492-495.
- Kapoor, R., M. Ali, Md. S. Akhtar, R.A Kaskoos, A.W Siddiqui and S.R Mir, 2005. Composition of volatile oil of Syzygium aromaticum buds. J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8: 196-199.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Goel, D., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2005. Chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Citrus limon grown in Delhi. J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., 26: 500-502.
- Akhtar, P., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and M.P. Sharma, 2005. Volatile constituents of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants, 7: 243-245.
- Zaman, K., M. Ali, R. Kapoor, A.W. Siddiqui and S.R Mir, 2004. Essential oil composition of flowers of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 7: 160-164.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ramachandram, R., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2004. Phytoconstituents from Capparis moonii fruits. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 20: 40-42.
- Ramachandram, R., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2004. Isolation and characterization of aliphatic constituents from Cressa cretica aerial parts. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 8: 523-530.
- Rafiullah, M.R.M., A.W. Siddiqui, S.R. Mir, M. Ali, K.K. Pillai and S. Singh, 2004. Antidiabetic activity of some medicinal plants. Pharm. Biol., 44: 95-99.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Mir, S.R., M. Ali and R. Kapoor, 2004. Chemical composition of essential oil of Cinnamomum tamala nees et eberm. leaves. Flavor. Frag. J., 19: 112-114.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Madan, S., G.N. Singh, Y. Kumar, K. Kohli, R.M. Singh, S.R. Mir and S. Ahma, 2004. A new flavanone from Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. and its antimicrobial activity. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 7: 921-927.
- Kumar, A., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2004. A new withanolide from the roots of Withania somnifera. Indian J. Chem., 43: 2001-2003.
- Kapoor, R., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and R.M. Rafiullah, 2004. Tial oil constituents of aerial parts of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. Kit Flav. Fragr. J., 19: 109-111.
- Kapoor, R., M. Ali, S.R. Mir and M.R.M. Rafiullah, 2004. Essential oil constituents of aerial parts of Artemisia scopariaWaldst. & Kit. Flav. Fragr. J., 19: 109-111.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ali, M., N.A. Siddiqui, V. Singh and S.R. Mir, 2004. Chemical constituents of aerial parts of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 8: 137-144.
- Ali, M., N.A. Siddiqui, V. Singh and S.R. Mir, 2004. Chemical constituents of aerial parts of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 8: 137-144.
- Ali, M., M.R. Ramachandram, M.R. Singh, A.W. Siddiqui and S.R. Mir, 2004. Prevention of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity by the ethanol extract of Capparis moonii fruits in rats. Pharm Biol., 42: 286-288.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Sharma, S.K., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2003. Isolation of some novel phytoconstituents from Anaphalis araneosa root. Indian J. Chem., 42: 2858-2862.
- Kapoor, R., M. Ali and S.R. Mir, 2003. Phytochemical investigation of Centella asiatica aerial parts. Orient. J. Chem., 19: 485-486.