Dr. Mohammad Tahir Shah
ProfessorUniversity of Peshawar, Pakistan
Highest Degree
Ph.D. in Geology from University of South Carolina, USA
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Biography
Dr. Mohammad Tahir Shah is currently working as Professor and Director at National Centre of Excellence in Geology, Near Shaikh Zaid Islamaic Centre, University of Peshawar, Peshawar. He has completed his Ph.D. in Geology from University of South Carolina, USA. Dr. Tahir received honors includes Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Research Excellence award, South Asia Publications, Star Laureate award, South Asia Publications, Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Gold Medal, Pakistan Academy of Sciences Gold Medal, Presidential award, Izaz-I-Fazeelat, Sarhad Provincial Conservation strategy (SPCS), IUCN-Environmental Award in academia, and National Book Foundation, Earth Scientist of the year. He successfully supervised 9 PhD and 23 M.Phil students. His area of expertise includes Geochemistry, Mineral Exploration, Trace Elements, Plant, Hydrochemistry, major Elements, Ore Deposits, Environmental, Soil, Physical, Trace Elements, Industrial Minerals, Assessments, Heavy Metals, Chemical, Rare Earth Elements, Trace Elements, and Characteristics. He has published 149 research articles in national/international journals contributed as author/co-author.
Area of Interest:
Selected Publications
- Rehman, U.A., M.T. Shah, S.D. Khan and L. Ahmad, 2015. Investigation of gold and base metals mineralization and the petrochemical studies of the associated host rocks, Shagari Bala area, Skardu Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. J. Himalay. Earth Sci., 48: 26-40.
- Nawab, J., S. Khan, M.T. Shah, K. Khan, Q. Huang and R. Ali, 2015. Quantification of heavy metals in mining affected soil and their bioaccumulation in native plant species. Int. J. Phytoremed., 17: 801-813.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, S., I.A. Shah, S. Muhammad, R.N. Malik and M.T. Shah, 2015. Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water in Pakistan and risk assessment: A case study. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.: Int. J., 21: 1020-1031.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Hussain, R., S.A. Khattak, M.T. Shah and L. Ali, 2015. Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan. J. Soils Sediments, 15: 1119-1129.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Biber, K., S.D. Khan and M.T. Shah, 2015. The source and fate of sediment and mercury in Hunza River basin, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Hydrol. Processes, 29: 579-587.
CrossRef | - Ali, L., B.J. Williamson, C.J. Moon, M.T. Shah and S.A. Khattak, 2015. Distribution of gold in different size fractions of stream sediments as a guide to bedrock gold mineralisation along the Shyok Suture Zone and adjacent areas of the Kohistan Island Arc, Pakistan. Arabian J. Geosci., 8: 2227-2235.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Agheem, M.H., M.T. Shah, T. Khan, M. Murata, H. Dars and M. Zafar, 2015. Petrogenetic evolution of pegmatites of the Shigar valley, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Arabian J. Geosci. 10.1007/s12517-015-1900-x.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Sheikh, L., M.T. Shah, S.D. Khan and L. Ahmad, 2014. Investigation for gold and base metals mineralization and petrochemical characteristics of the rocks of Golo Das and surrounding areas, District Ghizar, Gilgit-Baltistan. Pak. J. Himalaya. Earth Sci., 47: 15-27.
Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., J. Ara, S. Muhammad, S. Khan, S.A. Asad and L. Ali, 2014. Potential heavy metals accumulation of indigenous plant species along the mafic and ultramafic terrain in the Mohmand Agency, Pakistan. CLEAN-Soil Air Water, 42: 339-346.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Shafique, M., S. Israr, M.T. Shah and M.A. Khan, 2014. Remote sensing based strategy of stream sediment sampling for mineral exploration in Peshawar Basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J. Himalayan Earth Sci., 47: 141-148.
Direct Link | - Sajid, M., M. Arif and M.T. Shah, 2014. Petrogenesis of granites from the Utla area of Gadoon, north-west Pakistan: Implications from petrography and geochemistry. J. Earth Sci., 25: 445-459.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Miandad, S., M.T. Shah. S.D. Khan and L. Ahmad, 2014. Investigation for gold and base metals mineralization and petrochemcil characteristics of the rocks of upper parts of Bagrot valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. J. Himalay. Earth. Sci., 47: 29-48.
- Khattak, N.U., M.A. Khan, M.T. Shah and N. Ali, 2014. Radon concentration in drinking water sources of the region adjacent to a tectonically active Karak Thrust, Southern Kohat Plateau, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J. Radioanal. Nuclear Chem., 302: 315-329.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Jabeen, S., M.T. Shah, I. Ahmed, S. Khan and M.Q. Hayat, 2014. Physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water and their environmental impact assessment in the Haripur Basin, Pakistan. J. Geochem. Explorat., 138: 1-7.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Gul, N., M.T. Shah, S. Khan and S. Muhammad, 2014. Quantification of the heavy metals in the agricultural soils of Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci., 2: 158-162.
- Ali, L., C.J. Moon, B.J. Williamson, M.T. Shah and S.A. Khattak, 2014. A GIS-based stream sediment geochemical model for gold and base metal exploration in remote areas of northern Pakistan. Arabian J. Geosci., 8: 5081-5093.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Ahmed, Z., F. Subhan, M.T. Shah and S. Farooq, 2014. Effect of fasting on serum lithium levels: An experimental Study in animal models. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 27: 33-37.
Direct Link | - Agheem, M.H., M.T. Shah, T. Khan, M. Murata, M. Arif and H. Dars, 2014. Shigar valley gemstones, their chemical composition and origin, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Arabian J. Geosci., 7: 3801-3814.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Muhammad, S., M.T. Shah, S. Khan, U. Saddique and N. Gul et al., 2013. Wild plant assessment for heavy metal phytoremediation potential along the mafic and ultramafic terrain in northern Pakistan. BioMed. Res. Int. 10.1155/2013/194765.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, S., M. Shahnaz, N. Jehan, S. Rehman, M.T. Shah and I. Din, 2013. Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. J. Cleaner Prod., 60: 93-101.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Anjum, M.N., M.T. Shah, F. Ali, E. Hussain and L. Ali, 2013. Geochemical studies of fluoride in drinking water of union council ganderi, district nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. World Applied Sci. J., 27: 632-636.
Direct Link | - Tahirkheli, T., M.T. Shah, M.A. Khan and R. Bilqees, 2012. Mineralogy and geochemistry of diorites and associated hydrothermal sulfide mineralization of Gawuch Formation in Drosh area, Chitral. northern Pakistan. J. Himalay. Earth Sci., 45: 31-52.
Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., J. Ara, S. Muhammad, S. Khan and S. Tariq, 2012. Health risk assessment via surface water and sub-surface water consumption in the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Mohmand agency, northern Pakistan. J. Geochem. Explorat., 118: 60-67.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., A.H. Alizai and S.D. Khan, 2012. Environmental geochemistry of surface and subsurface water from Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 34: 243-250.
- Khan, S., M.T. Shah, I. Din, S. Rehman and A. Khaliq, 2012. Mercury exposure of workers and health problems related with small-scale gold panning and extraction. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 34: 870-876.
- Amin, N., K. Ali and M.T. Shah, 2012. Investigation of raw material for the manufacturing of white cement in Durukhula Nizampur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 34: 49-52.
- Muhammad, S., M.T. Shah and S. Khan, 2011. Heavy metal concentrations in soil and wild plants growing around Pb-Zn sulfide terrain in the Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan. Microchem. J., 99: 67-75.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Muhammad, S., M.T. Shah and S. Khan, 2011. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan. Microchem. J., 98: 334-343.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khattak, N., M. Khan, M. Shah and M. Javed, 2011. Radon concentration in drinking water sources of the Main Campus of the University of Peshawar and surrounding areas, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 290: 493-505.
CrossRef | - Khan, S., S. Rehman, Q. Cao, N. Jehan and M.T. Shah, 2011. Uptake and translocation of Pb and pyrene by rye-grass cultivated in aged spiked soil. Int. J. Environ. Pollut., 45: 110-122.
- Amin, N., K. Ali, M.T. Shah and S. Alam, 2011. Chemical activation of bagasse ash in cement mortar. Adv. Cement Res., 23: 89-95.
Direct Link | - Agheem, M.H., M.T. Shah, T. Khan, A. Laghari and H. Dars, 2011. Field features and petrography used as indicators for the classification of Shigar valley pegmatites, Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. J. Himalayan Earth Sci. Univ., 44: 1-7.
Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., T. Khan and A. Khan, 2010. Lead isotope signatures of Pb-Zn sulfide mineralization in the Reshian-Lamnian area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Chin. J. Geochem., 29: 65-74.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., S. Begum and S. Khan, 2010. Pedo and biogeochemical studies of mafic and ultramfic rocks in the Mingora and Kabal areas, Swat, Pakistan. Environ. Earth Sci., 60: 1091-1102.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Muhammad, S., M.T. Shah and S. Khan, 2010. Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 2855-2864.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, S., S. Rehman, A.Z. Khan, M.A. Khan and M.T. Shah, 2010. Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 73: 1820-1827.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Jabeen, S., M.T. Shah, S. Khan and M.Q. Hayat, 2010. Determination of major and trace elements in ten important folk therapeutic plants of Haripur basin, Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res., 4: 559-566.
Direct Link | - Agheem, M.H., M.T. Shah, T. Khan, I. Ahmed, A. Laghari and I. Siddique, 2010. X-Ray diffraction studies of the gemstones from Shigar Valley, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan Region, Northern areas of Pakistan. Sindh Univ. Res. J., 43: 1-7.
- Adnan, M., J. Hussain, M.T. Shah, Z.K. Shinwari and F. Ullah et al., 2010. Proximate and nutrient composition of medicinal plants of humid and sub-humid regions in North-West Pakistan. J. Med. Plant Res., 4: 339-345.
Direct Link | - Zakir, S.N., I. Ihsanullah, M.T. Shah, Z. Iqbal and A. Ahmad, 2009. Comparison of heavy and trace metals levels in soil of Peshawar basin at different time intervals. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31: 246-256.
- Zakir, S.N. and I. Ihsanullah, 2009. Effect of time intervals on levels of selected heavy metals in surface and ground waters in Peshawar basin. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31: 757-771.
- Ullah, K., M. Arif, M.T. Shah and I.A. Abbasi, 2009. The lower and middle siwaliks fluvial deposition system of the Western Himalayan foreland basin, Kohat, Pakistan. J. Himalay. Earth Sci., 42: 61-85.
- Shah, T. and K. Ali, 2009. Raw mix designing, clinkerization and manufacturing of high-strength Portland cement from the limestone and clay of Darukhula Nizampur, Nowshera District, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Chin. J. Geochem., 28: 279-283.
- Khan, S.D., D.J. Walker, S.A. Hall, K.C. Burke, M.T. Shah and L. Stockli, 2009. Did the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc collide first with India? Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121: 366-384.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, S., I. Ahmad, M.T. Shah, S. Rehman and A. Khaliq, 2009. Use of constructed wetland for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. J. Environ. Manage., 90: 3451-3457.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Hussain, J., A.L. Khan, N.U. Rehman, M. Hamayun and T. Shah et al., 2009. Proximate and nutrient analysis of selected vegetable species: A case study of Karak region, Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8: 2725-2729.
Direct Link | - Amin, N.U., K. Ali and M.T. Shah, 2009. Raw mix designing and clinkerization of High Strength Portland cement with Bagasse Ash and its impact on clinker moduli and fuel consumption. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31: 370-374.
- Amin, N., M.T. Shah and K. Ali, 2009. Investigation of raw material for the manufacturing of sulphate-resisting cement in Darukhula Nizampur, NWFP, Pakistan. Magaz. Concrete Res., 61: 779-785.
- Ali, K., N.U. Amin and M.T. Shah, 2009. Physicochemical study of bagasse and bagasse ash from the sugar industries of NWFP, pakistan and its recycling in cement manufacturing. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31: 375-378.
- Amin, N.U. and K. Ali, 2009. Recycling of Bagasse ash in cement manufacturing and its impact on clinker potential and environmental pollution. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 31: 357-361.
- Ali, K., N. Amin, M.T. Shah and Y. Iqbal, 2008. Recycling of bagasse ash in the raw mix designing and clinkerization of high strength Portland cement as a raw material and its impact on clinker potential and fuel consumption. J. Solid Wast Technol. Manage., 34: 70-80.
- Ali, K. and M.T. Shah, 2008. Chemical study of limestone and clay for cement manufacturing in Darukhula, Nizampur District, Nowshera, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Chin. J. Geochem., 27: 242-248.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Siddiqui, I. and M.T. Shah, 2007. Environmental impact assessment of the Thar, Sonda and Meting-Jhimpir coalfields of Sindh. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29: 222-230.
- Shah, M.T., L. Ali and S.A. Khattak, 2007. Gold anomaly in the quaternary sediments of Peshawar Basin, Shaidu Area, District Nowshera, NWFP, Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29: 116-120.
Direct Link | - Shah, M.T., A. Fayez and L. Ali, 2007. Chemical study of the raw material in Gandghar range, district Haripur, NWFP for Portland cement manufacturing. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29: 116-120.
- Shah, M.T. and S. Tariq, 2007. Environmental geochemistry of the soils of Peshawar Basin, NWFP, Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29: 438-445.
- Shah, M.T. and C.J. Moon, 2007. Manganese and ferromanganese ores from different tectonic settings in the NW Himalayas, Pakistan. J. Asian Earth Sci., 29: 455-465.
- Ullah, K., M. Arif and M.T. Shah, 2006. Petrography of Sandstones from the Kamlial and Chinji Formations, Southwestern Kohat Plateau, NW Pakistan: Implications for Source Lithology and Paleoclimate. J. Himalay. Earth Sci., (Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar), 39: 2-28.
- Shah, M.T. and S. Tariq, 2006. Oxygen isotope chemistry of the water from Peshawar basin, Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 28: 494-500.
- Hussain, I., G.A. Marwat, I. Khan, J. Ali, S.A. Khan, L. Ali and T. Shah, 2006. Heavy metals investigation in selected agricultural soils of NWFP, Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 28: 68-71.
- Tahirkheli, T., M.A. Khan and M.T. Shah, 2005. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of metavolcanic rocks in Gawuch and Drosh formations, Chitral, northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 38: 189-202.
- Begum, J., K. Khail and M.T. Shah, 2005. Co-deposition of Cu-Zn thin film alloys from non-cyanide bath. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, 29: 23-26.
- Shah, M.T., Q. Kifayattullah and M. Arfan, 2004. Pedo and biogeochemical study of Zinc-Lead deposits of the Besham area, northern Pakistan: its implication in mineral exploration and environmental degradation. Environ. Geol., 45: 544-549.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Shah, M.T. and P.J. Lechler, 2004. Geochemical exploration in the Dir and Swat Kohistan, northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 37: 41-57.
- Shah, M.T. and H. Khan, 2004. Exploration and extraction of placer gold in the terraces of Bagrot valley, Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 37: 27-40.
- Shah, M.T. and C.J. Moon, 2004. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the ferromanganese ores from Hazara area, NW Himalayas, northern Pakistan. J. Asian Earth Sci., 23: 1-15.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Khan, A., M.T. Shah, L. Ali and W. Mohammad, 2004. Beneficiation study of the manganese ores of the Saidgi area, North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 37: 191-197.
Direct Link | - Begum, J., L. Kakakhel and M.T. Shah, 2004. Co-deposition of Ni-Fe alloys on mild steel. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 26: 51-53.
- Agheem, M.H., M.T. Shah and T. Khan, 2004. Gem and gem-bearing pegmatites of the Shigar valley, Skardu, northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 37: 167-178.
- Shakirullah, M., I. Ahmad, S. Wazir, M.T. Shah, Habib-ur-Rehman, M. Ishaq and A. Bahader, 2003. Characterization and mineral matter extraction of South Waziristan coal. Peshawar Univ. Teachnol. Assoc. J., 10: 115-121.
- Shah, M.T. and S. Danishwar, 2003. Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Naranji area, Northwest frontier province, Pakistan. Environ. Geochem. Health, 25: 475-481.
CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link | - Shakirullah, M., M.T. Shah, S. Ullah, M.A. Khan and S.A. Khan, 2002. Level of lead and cadmium in different brands of cigarette tobacco smoked in Pakistan. Scient. Khyber (Pak.), 15: 29-35.
- Shakirullah, M., I. Ahmad, M.T. Shah, M. Ishaq, Habib-ur-Rehman, Sanaullah and A. Bahader, 2002. Ash depletion study of Pakistani low rank pulverized coal. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 26: 23-27.
- Shah, M.T. and P.J. Lechler, 2002. Gold anomalies in the Dir and Swat Kohistan, Northern Pakistan. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 26: 1-6.
- Lqbal, Z., Z. Muhammad, M.T. Shah, S. Bashir, T. Khan and M.D. Khan, 2002. Relationship between the concentration of copper and iron in the aqueous humour and intraocular pressure in rabbits treated with topical steroids. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 30: 28-35.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Begum, J., L. Kakakhel and M.T. Shah, 2002. Nickle electroplating on mild steel. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 26: 51-53.
- Kafayatullah, Q., M.T. Shah and M. Arfan, 2001. Biogeochemical and environmental study of the chromite-rich ultramafic terrain of Malakand area, Pakistan. Environ. Geol., 40: 1482-1486.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Gul, A., M. Shuaib, M.T. Shah and S. Danishwar, 2001. Chemical investigations of oil field water at Sadkal oil filed of OGDC, Fateh Jang, Attock District, Punjab, Pakistan. J. Sci. Tech. Univ. Peshawar, 25: 27-33.
- Shah, M.T. and J.W. Shervais, 1999. The Dir-Utror metavolcanic sequence, Kohistan arc terrane, northern Pakistan. J. Asian Earth Sci., 17: 459-475.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Shah, M.T. and A. Khan, 1999. Geochemistry and origin of Mn-deposits in the Waziristan ophiolite complex, north Waziristan, Pakistan. Mineralium Deposita, 34: 697-704.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Rehman, S.S., M.T. Shah, M.Q. Jan and M. Majid, 1999. Petrography and geochemistry of rocks from the Sor-Rondane mountains, Dronning Maud Land, eastern Antarctica. Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci., 36: 119-134.
- Shah, M.T. and M.Q. Jan, 1996. Review of geochemical characteristics as petrogenetic and palaeotectonic indicators of igneous rocks. Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci., 33: 73-78.
- Shah, M.T., M. Ikramuddin and J.W. Shervais, 1994. Behaviour of Tl relative to K, Rb, Sr and Ba in mineralized and unmineralized metavolcanics from the Dir area, northern Pakistan. Mineralium Deposita, 29: 422-426.
CrossRef | Direct Link | - Jan, M.Q. and M.T. Shah, 1987. Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Ag and Au contents of some talccarbonate rocks from N.W.F.P. Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 20: 215-216.
- Shah, M.T. and M. Majid, 1985. Major and trace element variations in the laves of Shergarh Sar area and their significance with respect to the Kohistan tectonic anomaly. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 18: 163-188.
- Majid, M. and M.T. Shah, 1985. Mineralogy of the blueschist facies metagreywacke from the Shergarh Sar area, Allai Kohistan, N. Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 18: 41-52.
Direct Link | - Rafiq, M., M.T. Shah, M. Rehman and M. Ihsan, 1984. Petrochemistry of the rocks from Babaji area, a part of the Ambela granitic complex, Buner, Northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 17: 31-42.
- Rafiq, M., M.T. Shah and I. Ahmed, 1984. Note on tremolite zone from the extension of Skhakot-Qila ultramafic complex in Utman khel, Mohmand Agency. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 17: 178-179.
- Rafiq, M., I. Ahmed and M.T. Shah, 1984. Major faults and lineaments of the surroundings of the Peshawar plain. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 17: 178-179.
- Abid, I.A., I.A. Abbasi, M.A. Khan and M.T. Shah, 1983. Petrography and geochemistry of the Swalik Sandstone and its relationship to the Himalayan Orogeny. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 16: 65-83.
- Majid, M., M.T. Shah, A. Latif, Aurangzeb and M. Kamal, 1981. Major elements abundance in the Kalam lavas. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 14: 45-62.